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| The 153rd Anniversary of the Civil WarBefore dawn on April 12, 1861, Confederate batteries unleashed artillery fire on federal troops defending Fort Sumter on South Carolina’s seacoast. The fierce barrage dragged on with barely a pause for 34 hours, forcing the garrison’s surrender. No one was killed in the bombardment. But at a ceremony marking the fort’s surrender a day later, a cannon explodes during a salute to the Union flag, leaving one dead and several wounded – the first casualties of what will become the bloodiest conflict in the nation’s history. Over the next four years, Union forces will seek to win back the fort until Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops retake control on February 17, 1865. By the time the war ends, more than 600,000 lives will have been lost. Tuesday, April 12th marks the 150th Anniversary of the start of the Civil War. The photos below are a collection from the Library of Congress. (AP) The captions on the photographs are original to the captions on the negatives from the Library of Congress. Title: Flag of 37th Pennsylvania Infantry, Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865, printed later], Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen silver, Summary: Full length view of Civil War soldier holding torn flag. # Title: Centreville, Virginia. Grigsby house, headquarters of General Joseph E. Johnston Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862 Mar. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. # Title: [U.S. Army camp scenes, 1862?: Stoneman Station, Acquia Creek and Fredericksburg RR (B453)] Date Created/Published: 1862? Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: [Gettysburg, Pa. Alfred R. Waud, artist of Harper's Weekly, sketching on battlefield] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1863 July. Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Gettysburg, June-July, 1863. # Title: [Union field artillery unit in position] Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen silver. # Title: [Hanover Junction, Pennsylvania. 1863. Hanover Junction Railroad Station] Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Detail of engine in yard and waiting crowd. # Title: [The old frigate Constitution, side view, at dock] Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print.# Title: [Armory Square Hospital, Washington, D.C. - view of buildings] Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1869, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen silver. # Title: Saint-John's Church, Richmond, Virginia, where Patrick Henry delivered his famous speech Date Created/Published: [1865 April 1] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen silver. # Title: 22nd New York State Militia, near Harpers Ferry, Va., 1861 Date Created/Published: [photographed 1861, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen silver. Summary: Photograph shows four soldiers in front of caisson. # Title: Charleston Hotel, Charleston, S.C. Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: Rufus Ingalls 1820-1893 Date Created/Published: 1865 May. Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: 3/4 length, seated, facing left; in uniform; with group on steps of house, City Point, Va. # Title: Headquarters, Army of Potomac - Brandy Station. Officers quarters Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Capt. J.R. Coxe and woman seated in front. # Title: Siege of Yorktown, Va. Confederate Water Battery, Nelson Church in rear Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: [Bird's-eye view of Circular Church, amid ruins of Charleston, S.C.] Date Created/Published: 1865. Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: View Charleston, South Carolina Date Created/Published: [ca. 1865] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Bird's-eye-view, with bay in backgrd. # Title: Confederate fortifications, Yorktown, Va. Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: 7 men and 2 cannons; 4 ships on bay in background. # Title: Winter camp of 50th N.Y. Engineers, Rappahannock Station Date Created/Published: 1864 March. Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Rows of buildings and pontoons on wheels. # Title: U.S. Signal Corps headquarters, Vicksburg, Miss. Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: Group at Headquarters, Army of Potomac, October 1862 Date Created/Published: 1862 October. Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: H.F. Clark, A.V. Colburn, J. Buford, J. Letterman, Mr. Coleman, John Gibbon, and J.C. Duane seated and reclining under tree in front of tents. # Title: Ruins of Circular Church and Secession Hall, Charleston, S.C., St. Philips Church in distance Date Created/Published: [photographed 1863 April, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print on stereo card : stereograph. # Title: View of ruins of Richmond and Petersburg R.R. Bridge, James River, Richmond, Va. Date Created/Published: 1865 April. Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: Major Planders at mansion formerly occupied by Jefferson Davis. In the doorway stands the table on which the surrender of Gen. Lee was signed Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card] Medium: 1 photographic print : gelatin silver. # Title: Johnson's mill, Appomattox River, near Petersburg, Va. Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Soldiers standing on rocks near river. # Title: [General Robert E. Lee's headquarters, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania] Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: [Interior view of Fort Sumter showing ruins, taken by a Confederate photographer in 1864, Charleston, South Carolina] Date Created/Published: [1864(?), printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: Interior of Fort Sumpter, Charleston Harbor, S.C. Creator(s): Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896, photographer Date Created/Published: New York : E. & H.T. Anthony & Co. [between 1861 and 1865] Medium: 1 photographic print on stereo card : stereograph. # Title: Evacuation of Port Royal, Va., May 30, 1864 Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Related Names: Taylor & Huntington , publisher Date Created/Published: Hartford, Conn. : Taylor & Huntington, 1864, [printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print on stereo card : stereograph. Summary: Horses on bank as United Army personnel cross pontoon bridge onto waiting boats. # Title: Headquarters Army of Potomac - Brandy Station, April 1864--Camp of Telegraph Corps Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Men seated outside tents in woods. # Title: Head Quarters of Gen. G.L. Hartsuff Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Group of people, some with musical instruments, in front of headquarters of Gen. George Lucas Hartsuff, Centre Hill, Petersburg, Va. # Title: Camp of 55th New York Infantry, near Tenallytown, D.C. Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Two soldiers by fence in foreground, with one of them looking through binoculars, with camp and large group of soldiers in background. # Title: Capt. John J. Huff Date Created/Published: [photographed 1865 July, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Capt. John Huff, full-length portrait, seated in front of tent, facing slightly right. # Title: Officers of 170th New York Inf'y Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Five officers and a boy standing in front of building. # Title: Maj. H.H. Humphrey and others Creator(s): Smith, William Morris, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 June. Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Three Civil War Union soldiers, drinking outside a canopied living quarters area, African American on right holding bottle. # Title: Officers of 107th U.S. Colored Infantry Date Created/Published: [photographed Nov. 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen silver. Summary: Civil War officers and others gathered on porch; African American sentry standing in yard. # Title: Gen. Rawlin's horse taken at Cold Harbor, Va. Date Created/Published: 1864 June 14, printed later. Medium: 1 photographic print : gelatin silver. Summary: Photograph shows an African American boy seated on a horse. # Title: Major General E.V. Sumner and staff Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1861 and 1863, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Major General E.V. Sumner, full-length portrait, standing in front of building, facing front, with seven members of his staff. # Title: Battle-field of Gettysburg--Dead Confederate sharpshooter at foot of Little Round Top [i.e., Devil's Den] Other Title: Home of a rebel sharpshooter, Gettysburg Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Related Names: Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, formerly attributed to this photographer. Date Created/Published: [photographed 1863 July, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen. # Title: Dead horses of Bigelow's (9th Massachusetts) Battery Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: [photographed 1863, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Dead horses on battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; barn in background. # Title: Wounded soldiers from the battles in the "Wilderness" at Fredericksburg, Va., May 20, 1864 Creator(s): Gardner, James, b. 1832, photographer Date Created/Published: [1864 May 20, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen. # Title: Officers of the 69th New York State Militia, Fort Corcoran, Va Date Created/Published: [1861] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Officers standing on and around cannon and ammunitions. # Title: Ruins on the Canal Basin, Richmond, Va. Date Created/Published: [photographed in April 1863, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: "Powder monkey" on U.S.S. New Hampshire, off Charleston, S.C. Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1864 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Young man or boy leaning against cannon. # Title: View taken from south side of canal basin, Richmond, Va., - April, 1865--showing Capitol, Custom House, etc. Creator(s): Russell, Andrew J., photographer Date Created/Published: [photographed 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Ruins of Richmond, Virginia with soldier, cannon barrels and cannon balls in foreground. # Title: Fort Richardson, 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Date Created/Published: [1861, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Soldiers with cannons. # Title: A fancy group, in front of Petersburg / negative by David Knox, positive by A. Gardner. Creator(s): Knox, David, photographer Related Names: Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882 , photographer Date Created/Published: 1864 Aug, c1865. Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen. Summary: Photograph showing a group of military personnel seated in a circle watching two African American men each holding roosters in preparation for a cockfight. # Title: Ambulance drill at Headquarters Army of Potomac, near Brandy Station, Va., March, 1864 Date Created/Published: [1864, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-7974 (color film copy transparency) LC-B8171-7285 (b&w film copy neg.) # Title: Camp of 31st Pennsylvania Infantry near Washington, D.C. Date Created/Published: [photographed 1862, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print : albumen. Summary: Woman with sleeves rolled up holding basket, posed in front of tent with a soldier (possibly her husband) and three children, other soldiers in the background. # Title: Gibson's horse battery (C. 3d U.S. Art'y.) near Fair Oaks, Va. June 1862 Date Created/Published: [photographed 1862 June, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Many soldiers with cannons drawn by horses. # Title: Servants at quarters of Prince de Joinville in front of Yorktown, May 3, 1862 Creator(s): Gibson, James F., b. 1828, photographer Date Created/Published: [photographed 1862, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Four men with wash tub, frying pan, etc. # Title: Ruins in Charleston, South Carolina Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Ruins seen from Circular Church. # Title: A Ward in Armory Square Hospital, Washington, D.C. Date Created/Published: [photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Wounded soldiers and hospital staff. # Title: [Union soldiers entrenched along the west bank of the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia] Creator(s): Russell, Andrew J., photographer Date Created/Published: [photographed between April 29 and May 2, 1863, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: [Dead horse on battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania] Date Created/Published: [photographed 1863, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: Alexandria, Virginia. Slave pen. Interior view Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1869] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. # Title: Five generations on Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: [1862, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. # Title: [Incidents of the war. A harvest of death, Gettysburg, July, 1863] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: Washington, D.C. : published by Philp & Solomons, c1865. Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Dead Federal soldiers on battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. # Title: [Cedar Mountain, Va. Family group before the house in which Gen. Charles S. Winder (C.S.A.) died] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862 August. Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Bull Run, 2nd Battle of, Va., 1862, July-August 1862. Photograph includes women. # Title: [Westover Landing, Va. Lt. Col. Samuel W. Owen, 3d Pennsylvania Cavalry, caught napping] Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862 August. Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the Peninsular Campaign, May-August 1862. # Title: [Port Royal Island, S.C. African Americans preparing cotton for the gin on Smith's plantation] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Port Royal, S.C., 1861-1862. Shows seven African Americans sitting in a pile of cotton in front of gin house. # Title: [Culpeper, Va. "Contrabands"] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1863 November. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, Meade in Virginia, August-November 1863. Shows two African American men sitting in front of a tent, one with cigar and the other with a soup ladle. # Title: [Cumberland Landing, Va. Group of "contrabands" at Foller's house] Creator(s): Gibson, James F., b. 1828, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862 May 14. Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, The Peninsular Campaign, May-August 1862. # Title: [Antietam, Md. Confederate dead by a fence on the Hagerstown road] Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862 September. Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Battle of Antietam, September-October 1862. # Title: [Aquia Creek Landing, Va. View of the Federal supply depot] Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1863 February. Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, Burnside and Hooker, November 1862-April 1863. # Title: [Massaponax Church, Va. "Council of War": Gen. Ulysses S. Grant examining map held by Gen. George G. Meade] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1864 May 21. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, Grant's Wilderness Campaign, May-June 1864. # Title: Jericho Mills, Virginia. Looking up North Anna river from south bank, canvas pontoon bridge and pontoon train on opposite bank, May 24, 1864 Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1864 May. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. # Title: [Petersburg, Va. The first Federal wagon train entering the town] Creator(s): Reekie, John, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 April. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865. # Title: Washington, District of Columbia. Officers of 3d Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Date Created/Published: 1865. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. # Title: Drewry's Bluff, Virginia (vicinity). Sling cart used in removing the captured artillery Date Created/Published: 1865 Apr. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. # Title: Appomattox Court House, Virginia. McLean house Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 Apr. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. # Title: [Yorktown, Va. Federal wagon park] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the Peninsular Campaign, May-August 1862. # Title: [Gettysburg, Pa. John L. Burns, the "old hero of Gettysburg," with gun and crutches] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1863 July. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Gettysburg, June-July, 1863. # Title: [City Point, Va. Wharf, Federal artillery, and anchored schooners] Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg, June 1Ì€864-April 1865. # Title: [James River, Va. View of the completed Dutch Gap canal] Date Created/Published: 1865 April. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the Army of the James, June 1864-April 1865. # Title: [Johnsonville, Tenn. Camp of Tennessee Colored Battery] Date Created/Published: [1864] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the War in the West. # Title: [Atlanta, Ga. Soldiers on boxcars at railroad depot] Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: [1864] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the War in the West. These photographs are of Sherman in Atlanta, September-November, 1864. After three and a half months of incessant maneuvering and much hard fighting, Sherman forced Hood to abandon the munitions center of the Confederacy. Sherman remained there, resting his war-worn men and accumulating supplies, for nearly two and a half months. During the occupation, George N. Barnard, official photographer of the Chief Engineer's Office, made the best documentary record of the war in the West; but much of what he photographed was destroyed in the fire that spread from the military facilities blown up at Sherman's departure on November 15. # Title: [Atlanta, Ga. Ruins of depot, blown up on Sherman's departure] Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: [1864] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the War in the West. # Title: [Charleston, S.C. Palmetto reinforcements on the channel side of Fort Sumter] Date Created/Published: [1865] April Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Charleston, S.C., 1863-1865. # Title: [Charleston, S.C. East Battery; dismantled Blakely gun in foreground] Date Created/Published: 1865 [April] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Charleston, S.C., 1863-1865. # Title: [Charleston, S.C. Crowd inside Fort Sumter awaiting the flag-raising] Date Created/Published: 1865 April 14. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Charleston, S.C., 1862-1863. # Title: [Petersburg, Va. View of Fort Sedgwick] Date Created/Published: [1865] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg,June 1864-April 1865. # Title: [Richmond, Va. Street in the burned district] Date Created/Published: 1865. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the main eastern theater of war, fallen Richmond, April-June 1865. # Title: [Richmond, Va. Residence of Gen. Robert E. Lee (707 East Franklin Street)] Date Created/Published: 1865. Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, fallen Richmond, April-June 1865. # Title: [Petersburg, Va. Courthouse] Date Created/Published: [1865] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865. # Title: Band of 10th Veteran Reserve Corps, Washington, D.C., April, 1865 Date Created/Published: 1865 Apr. [printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Group portrait of 15 uniformed band members holding instruments, with two drums in foreground. # Title: [Drummer boys off duty, playing cards in camp, winter of 1862] Date Created/Published: [1862, printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Group portrait of 6 men and boys; some are playing cards at a table outside of a log and tent shelter. # Title: Drum corps, 8th New York State Militia, Arlington, Va., June, 1861 Date Created/Published: 1861 June [printed later] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Group portrait of 18 men and boys, many seated on drums. # Title: [Richmond, Va. Custom House (left) and Capitol (center); rubble in street] Date Created/Published: [1865 April] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, fallen Richmond, April-June 1865. # Title: [Washington, D.C. President Lincoln's box at Ford's Theater] Date Created/Published: 1865 April. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of Washington, 1862-1865, the assassination of President Lincoln, April-July 1865. # Title: [Charleston Harbor, S.C. Crew members, quarterdeck, and starboard battery of U.S.S. Pawnee] Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 2 negatives (3 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy -- the Federal Navy, 1861-1865. # Title: [Charleston, S.C. The old Market House (188 Meeting Street)] Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 [April] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Charleston, S.C., 1863-1865. # Title: [Charleston, S.C. Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. John and St. Finbar (Broad and Legare Streets) destroyed in the fire of December 1861] Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 [April] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Charleston, S.C., 1863-1865. # Title: [Saint Augustine, Fla. Artillery inside Fort Marion; tents on rampart] Creator(s): Cooley, Sam A. (Samuel A.), photographer Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Florida. # Title: ["Auction & Negro Sales," Whitehall Street] Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: [1864] Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the War in the West. These photographs are of Sherman in Atlanta, September-November, 1864. After three and a half months of incessant maneuvering and much hard fighting, Sherman forced Hood to abandon the munitions center of the Confederacy. Sherman remained there, resting his war-worn men and accumulating supplies, for nearly two and a half months. During the occupation, George N. Barnard, official photographer of the Chief Engineer's Office, made the best documentary record of the war in the West; but much of what he photographed was destroyed in the fire that spread from the military facilities blown up at Sherman's departure on November 15. # Title: [Atlanta, Ga. Gen. William T. Sherman, leaning on breach of gun, and staff at Federal Fort No. 7] Creator(s): Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer Date Created/Published: [1864] Medium: 3 negatives : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the War in the West. These photographs are of Sherman in Atlanta, September-November, 1864. After three and a half months of incessant maneuvering and much hard fighting, Sherman forced Hood to abandon the munitions center of the Confederacy. Sherman remained there, resting his war-worn men and accumulating supplies, for nearly two and a half months. During the occupation, George N. Barnard, official photographer of the Chief Engineer's Office, made the best documentary record of the war in the West; but much of what he photographed was destroyed in the fire that spread from the military facilities blown up at Sherman's departure on November 15. # Title: [Unknown location. Signalmen of Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren's flagship receiving a message from the Georgia shore] Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion. # Title: [Unknown location. Wagons and camera of Sam A. Cooley, U.S. photographer, Department of the South] Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs of artillery, place and date unknown. # Title: [Petersburg, Va. Surgeons of 3d Division before hospital tent] Date Created/Published: 1864 August. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs from the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865. # Title: [Richmond, Va. General view of the burned district] Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 April. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the main eastern theater of war, fallen Richmond, April-June 1865. # Title: [Fort Fisher, N.C. View of the land front, showing destroyed gun carriage in second traverse] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 January. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy, specifically of Fort Fisher, N.C., January 1865. # Title: [Culpeper, Va. Gen Robert O. Tyler and staff of the Artillery Reserve] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1863 September. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, Meade in Virginia, August-November 1863. # Title: [Fort Monroe, Va. The "Lincoln Gun," a 15-inch Rodman Columbiad] Date Created/Published: [1864] Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy -- specifically of Fort Monroe, Va. # Title: [Petersburg, Va. Company F, 114th Pennsylvania Infantry (Zouaves) with fixed bayonets] Date Created/Published: 1864 August. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865. # Title: [Alexandria, Va. Soldiers' Cemetery] Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of Washington, 1862-1865, view of Alexandria, Va. # Title: [Brandy Station, Va., vicinity. Large wagon park] Creator(s): O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1864 May. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, winter quarters at Brandy Station, December 1863-April 1864. # Title: [Harper's Ferry, W. Va. View of town; railroad bridge in ruins] Creator(s): Bostwick, C. O., photographer Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865] Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Battle of Antietam, September-October 1862. # Title: [Washington, D.C. Execution of the conspirators: scaffold in use and crowd in the yard, seen from the roof of the Arsenal] Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 July 7. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of Washington, 1862-1865, the assassination of President Lincoln, April-July 1865. # Title: [Washington, D.C. Patients in Ward K of Armory Square Hospital] Date Created/Published: [1865 August] Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph of Washington, 1862-1865, the hospitals. # Title: [Washington, D.C. Ex-Confederate iron-clad ram Stonewall at anchor; U.S. Capitol in the background] Date Created/Published: 1865 June. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photographs of the Federal Navy, and seaborne expeditions against the Atlantic Coast of the Confederacy -- the Federal Navy, 1861-1865. # Title: [Cold Harbor, Va. African Americans collecting bones of soldiers killed in the battle] Creator(s): Reekie, John, photographer Date Created/Published: 1865 April. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, Grant's Wilderness Campaign, May-June 1864. # Title: [Antietam, Md. Allan Pinkerton, President Lincoln, and Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand; another view] Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer Date Created/Published: 1862 October 3. Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Battle of Antietam, September-October 1862 |
A little-known Scottish photographer who became the first person to picture casualties on the battlefields of the Civil War has finally been recognised in a new book. Alexander Gardner, from Paisley, Renfrewshire, risked his life to capture the conflict on film but was robbed of most of the credit by his employer. Gardner emigrated to the United States in 1856 and captured some of the most startling images on the bloody battlefields of Antietam and Gettysburg. But most of his work was attributed to his boss Matthew Brady, who was the manager of a gallery in Washington.
Battlefield of Gettysburg: Dead Confederate sharpshooter at foot of Little Round Top taken on July 1863. Alexander Gardner, from Paisley, Renfrewshire, risked his life to capture the American Civil War on film but was robbed of most of the credit by his employer.
The Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter: Gardner has been accused of moving the corpses and weapons in some of his images for dramatic effect. He is alleged to have altered the position of this dead sniper to create a better image. It is still one of his most famous As the 150th anniversary of the end of the war draws nearer, a new book giving an incredible account of the pioneer's work is set to finally give him the recognition he deserves. Author Keith Steiner, from Banff, Aberdeenshire, said yesterday (Tue): 'I wanted to right an injustice. 'Most of the photos you see of the American Civil War were taken either by Gardner or his Scottish contemporaries but he was the greatest of them all. He was never given the credit.
At the Gallows: Lincoln conspirators hang. Mary Surratt (hanging, far left) and three of the other convicted conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln on July 7 1865. Her last words were, 'Please don't let me fall'.
Victims of war: Dead Confederate artillery men lie dead around their battery after the Battle of Antietam. Gardner's pictures have been showcased in a new book
History remembered: The spot were the famous image of Dead Confederate artillery men, as they lay around their battery after the Battle of Antietam, was taken 'When I was a teenager I found his photographs quite an eye-opener; they had quite an impact on me. DID GARDNER MOVE HIS CORPSES TO CREATE BETTER PICTURES?Gardner has come under fire for staging some of his most iconic images for dramatic effect by moving corpses and weapons for a better picture. One of his most famous photographs, 'Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter', has been argued to be one such fabrication. Critics, having compared it to other images, claim he moved the body some 40 yards into the more photogenic surroundings of the Devil's Den to create a better composition (see the two pictures below). However, others have argued that that the manipulation of photographic settings in the early years of photography was not frowned upon and in no way detracts from his achievements as a photographer. Is this the same soldier? 'I retired as a teacher and had an opportunity to explore the sites where he took his photographs. 'They were a sensation at the time and I believe the photographs have relevance in modern times.' Gardner was born in Paisley in 1821 and trained as a jeweller before moving into the world of newspapers. An idealist and socialist, he formed the left-leaning newspaper the Glasgow Sentinel in 1851. His keen interest in photography led to him emigrating across the pond in the hope of furthering his career. He was headhunted by Brady and at the outbreak of the war was well-positioned in Washington. He was recruited as a staff photographer by General George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, and made history on 19 September 1862 when he took the first photographs of casualties on the battlefield at Antietam. In 1863, Gardner split from Brady and formed his own gallery in Washington with his brother James. In July of that year, he photographed the aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg, developing images in his travelling darkroom. Retired teacher Keith, 60, said: 'Gardner was essentially a photojournalist. 'He had to process and develop the photographs on the move and in the middle of a battlefield which was not easy. 'He was highly regarded and Walt Whitman once said that he 'saw beyond his camera'. 'I wanted to assert his prominence in the history of photographers. 'He is overlooked and most of my Scottish colleagues have never heard of him. That's a big problem. 'As a Scotsman, he was a pioneer. 'He was an artist, in some ways a scientist and a publisher. He was the complete package.' Gardner was also the official photographer to President Abraham Lincoln. He captured him seven times, including before his inauguration in March 1861 and in February 1865, just weeks before he was assassinated. The war-time leader personally visited Gardner to have his photograph taken every year instead of the Scotsman visiting the White House. Keith said: 'Most of the photographs you see of Lincoln were taken by Gardner and chart how he aged physically. 'He was pictured in 1861 then a few years later and it is like a different man. 'In February 1865, he is a broken man and has aged about 20 years through the stress of the civil war. 'It is an incredibly revealing photograph.' Gardner died in Washington DC in 1882 and is buried there.
Soldiers line up for battle: As the 150th anniversary of the end of the war draws nearer, a new book giving an incredible account of the pioneer's work is set to finally give him the recognition he deserves
Photographer to the President: Gardner, left, was also the official photographer to President Abraham Lincoln, picturing him seven times, including this portrait, right, taken in February 1865, just weeks before he was assassinated
President Abraham Lincoln delivering second inaugural address in front of the United States Capitol, March 4, 1865
Fog of war: Three horse-drawn covered wagons trundle past soldiers marching in formation between rows of small cabins and tents.
Wounded animals: A horse lies dying at the Battle of Antietam. Gardner was born in Paisley in 1821 and trained as a jeweller before moving into the world of newspapers
President Lincoln with Gen. George B. McClellan and group of officers (October 1862) in Antietam. For his portraits, though, the war-time leader personally visited Gardner to have his photograph taken every year instead of the Scotsman visiting the White House Keith began work on his book 'In the Footsteps of Alexander Gardner at Antietam and Gettysburg' after retiring in 2008. As part of his research, he travelled to the USA to visit the bloody battlefields which his unsung hero had photographed. He also recreated some of the historic images, highlighting that not much has changed. Keith added: 'It was an absolute privilege to stand on the same sites that Gardner photographed.
Shadows and dust: Site of the Battle of Antietam today. Gardner made history on 19 September 1862 when he took the first photographs of casualties on the battlefield at Antietam 'If you go at the right time, nobody else will be there and you get a sense of the weight of history. 'Some of the sites were very intimate and the battlefields are incredibly well preserved. 'History has given Gardner a raw deal and it is time for him to be properly recognised.'
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